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Prostitutes and Picture Brides: Chinese and Japanese Immigration

By examining the historical period from 1870-1920, this presentation will explore why most Chinese women were excluded from immigrating to the United States because they were assumed to be prostitutes while many Japanese women were allowed to immigrate as picture brides. Lee argues that the U.S. did not pass the Page Law of 1875 and the Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 or issue the Gentlemen’s Agreement in 1907 for geopolitical reasons alone, as some scholars have argued. Using archival evidence, she contends that attempts to resolve the competing logics in "settling the west," which called for cheap labor and the permanent settlement of families on the West Coast, explain why the United States responded to the immigration of Chinese and Japanese women differently. These discrepant responses were a product of geopolitics, economic conditions, and class relations in the U.S, along with state and national fears over miscegenation and desires to maintain the imputed racial purity of a "white" national identity. In turn, U.S. immigration laws and policies helped to determine permanent settlement of immigrant communities and the racial and gendered character of the nation. This presentation suggests that nation-building is not simply the "imagining" of a community but is instead a negotiated process involving geopolitics, political economy, and cultural meanings of gender, race, and ethnicity.

The United States banned practically all Chinese women from entering the country by passing the Immigration Act of 1875 or the Page Law and the Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882; the state assumed that all Chinese women were prostitutes, hence, undesirable and ineligible for entry. Many early Chinese immigrants were indeed prostitutes, as were many other early female immigrants.By the mid-nineteenth century, Chinese women were singled out as being unsanitary and immoral, deviant, for engaging in prostitution (Peffer1999, Tong 1996). In consequence, they were virtually prohibited from entering the U.S., following the Page Law, which banned the immigration of prostitutes from China, Japan, and other “Oriental” countries, although China was the intended target.

The Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 marked the culmination of growing anti-Chinese sentiment which had begun to gain strength in the 1870s as Chinese male laborers encountered both a recession and angry European American laborers as they settled in urban centers (Higham 1978; Saxton 1971). The act made no explicit reference to the status of women while excluding male laborers. Both laws were attempts to halt Chinese population growth through immigration and biological reproduction. These exclusionary laws helped to maintain the imbalance in the sex ratio caused by original migration patterns. Chinese men who were already in the U.S. when the exclusionary laws were enacted faced very slim odds of marrying a wife and having children in the U.S. (Hirata 1979a); Chinese men’s access to Chinese women was greatly limited.

While limiting Chinese women’s immigration, the U.S. allowed Japanese women to join their husbands in the Gentlemen’s Agreement of 1907 and 1908.5 The Gentlemen’s Agreement made it possible for Japanese women to marry Japanese men by proxy and then to join them in the U.S. Japanese women faced greater chances of immigrating to the U.S. than Chinese women, though Japanese prostitution was also considered a problem in the early years of immigration (Glenn 1986, Ichioka 1988, Ling 1998). Immigration policy toward Japanese immigrants during the first three decades of their immigration to the U.S. produced a viable Japanese American community. Unlike Chinese immigrants, the Japanese achieved greater gender parity.

The Lure of High Pay For Chinese Whores

According to one estimate, roughly 15000 Chinese prostitutes work in Taipei, each seeing about five clients a day at NT$5,000 per session
For a 24-year-old Chinese woman surnamed Liu, it was the opportunity to earn money that brought her to this side of the Taiwan Strait.
The graduate of Normal University in Sichuan Province made just 1,000 yuan (NT$4,200) a month teaching elementary school -- a job many in China consider to be well-paid.
But as a prostitute in Taiwan, she earns considerably more in just a single session with a client.

Korean 'Comfort Women' Not Prostitutes

Sex industries in Asian countries prospered during and after wartime. In a sense, invading soldiers took women as war trophies. 

Women of occupied countries were exploited willingly and unwillingly.

However, the plight of Korea's "comfort women" during World War II had a different dimension. These women were originally drafted as members of the Women's Volunteer Corps ("Teishindai"). The Japanese army had solicited Korean women to join the corps under the pretext of having them take manufacturing jobs for the war.
By this malignant deception the young girls were then sent to Manchuria or China, where they were turned into so-called "comfort women" and forced to be the objects of sexual entertainment for the Japanese solders. They had no recourse whatever with which to protect themselves. Some of them were as young as 12 years old.
Although specified as a volunteer corps, in actuality the groups of wom- en were more or less forced into this situation by Japanese military policies. In urban areas of Korea, the Japanese used fanatic propaganda and deception to solicit the volunteers. But in rural areas they really exercised threats and physical force.
The so-called "comfort women" were innocent women who were deceived and unjustly exploited by the Japanese military. They shouldn't be swept into the same category as postwar prostitutes in Korea, Japan, the Philippines, Thailand, Germany, France, Italy. That would be another injustice. They were not prostitutes. They gained nothing, and often they lost everything. That included their lives.

China - The World 's Largest Supplier Of Prostitutes?

Without doubt, China today is the world 's biggest supplier of manufactured consumer goods. From shoes, to toys, to fake Rolex watches, you name it, China manufactures it. Wal-Mart, America 's biggest retail giant, has more than half of its inventory comprised of China-produced goods. Like it or not, this ubiquity of 'Made-in-China' products is here to stay.

Consumer goods aside, China is quickly gaining prominence in another, totally unrelated sector. This past decade has witnessed the proliferation of Chinese girls within the vice industries of major cities all around the world. This has had the effect of drastically changing the demographics of the flesh trade in these cities,

Nowhere is this more apparent than in the Southeast Asian city-state of Singapore. In the 'good old days', the commercial sex industry in Singapore was well-contained and neatly confined to the few government-demarcated red light districts around the country. Sex workers hailing from Thailand, Malaysia and Singapore, were given official approval by the Government to ply their trade, subject to stringent regulations and frequent health checks. Then came the advent of the 'Chinese Sex Revolution', which started when China began to open up to the world. Women from China started arriving in Singapore in droves. Ostensibly, they came for holidays, and were accordingly issued social visit passes of up to 6 months validity.

Then came the shocker. These 'tourists' started soliciting their sexual services in public, particularly in places frequented by older male Singaporean retirees. These lonely men were easy prey for the doe-eyed, nubile Chinese temptresses. Soon, many Singaporean men found themselves parted with their hard-earned retirement savings. It was only then that the Singapore Government was rudely awakened to the fact that these 's upposed tourists' were in fact, prostitutes out to make a quick buck in Singapore. The clampdown then started with the immigration department tightening checks for incoming China females. Social visit passes for first-time China visitors were drastically reduced from 6 months to 1 month or even a few weeks. But, like everywhere else in the world, the Chinese were ingenious at finding ways to beat the system. They started to apply for study visas instead, enrolling themselves in small Singaporean private schools. This enabled them to have an extended stay in Singapore, for up to 2-3 years at a stretch. Of course, once in Singapore, these Chinese nationals went back to doing what they knew best, soliciting.

The result? The turning of the tide within the Singapore Sex Industry. Chinese sex workers were everywhere, outnumbering the 'legal prostitutes' by more than 3 to 1. The traditional red-light districts in Singapore were swamped with Chinese prostitutes, many of them charging lower prices than the legal sex workers. Needless to say, business in the legalized brothels suffered greatly. As a result, the anti-vice police stepped up the regularity of their checks in a bid to nab these illegal Chinese prostitutes and stem their influx into the industry. But once again, the Chinese had a solution to this. They paid some local guys to act as lookouts in and around the prostitution areas. Through doing this, they were able to get notification of an impending anti-vice raid long before the patrol cars were even in the vicinity. As such, they had ample time to take evasive action by scuttling into nearby hotels or cafes to hide, and wait till the coast was clear.

This current situation applies not only to Singapore, but to almost every other city in the world. The amazing resilience of the Chinese sex workers has made them very difficult to eradicate. Their influx into society has ensured that the social paradigm in the cities in which they operate has been irreversibly altered. Perhaps in time to come, the Chinese sex worker will be universally accepted as a cultural import, whose services are readily available in Wal-Mart as well. 

Child sex tourism

Child Sex Tourism [CST] entails tourists, mostly men, engaged in sex trafficking by purposely traveling to known sex destinations, seeking anonymity in pornography or prostitution, or engaging in pederasty with young children and homosexuality with young and older adults.

These sexual offenders come from all different cultures and socio-economic levels, many holding positions of government and religious leadership, faithfulness, and trust. The U.S. Department of State reported previous cases of CST involving U.S. citizens that included a pediatrician, a retired Army sergeant, a dentist, and a university professor. Many times, the sex tourists travel with illegal drugs purposely to control the minor's will or to bait and solicit sex with the minor.

The Vatican has recently warned in a new Document, 'Pastoral Care For The Liberation of Women of the Street' [street prostitutes], that men who are clients of prostitution have deep-seated problems as they, too, are enslaved in sex and domination. The document reveals that the largest numbers of men are over 40 years of age, but there are an increasing number of younger men, between 16-24, involved as well. The Vatican reported that 3,400,000 women from Asia are enslaved into prostitution on the streets of Asian countries.

Pope Benedict XVI warned the Bishops of Sri Lanka in May 2005: "No effort must be spared to encourage civil authorities and the international community to fight child abuse and assure young people the necessary legal protection."

Cuisine of Dog Meat

1. Bosintang (soup)
Dog Soup is called, Gaejang, Gajangkuk, or Gujang, Gujangaeng, Guyoukgeng. It has been called Bosintang from the later part of 1940,but duringthe period of the 1988 Olympic games, it was banned to use the name ofBosintang, so its name was replaced by Youngyangtang, Sacheoltang, Mungmungtang. But nowadays, the name of Bosintang is widely used insteadof Youngyangtang. Bosintang is made by boiling dog meat with thin soy paste,tearing it into pieces, putting ingredients such as green onion, leek, stalk of taro,brake into broth, and boiling it again to make Bosintang. In Kyungsangprovince, to get rid of the smell, perilla purple are put in the soup. Perilla arealso used for ridding the smell. Taste of perilla is similar to that of dog, andit becomes a good match to dog meat. Side dishes of dog meat are Kimchi,fresh peppers, and cucumbers. Adding a glass of Soju(liquor) enhances thetaste.
The standard amount of ingredients for one portion.
(1) Ingredients
100g of boiled dog meat, 500g of gravy, 20g of green onion, 10g of a leek, 10g of perilla leaves, 100g of taro stalk soaked in water.
(2) Sauce
8g of salt, 2g of mashed garlic, 3g of perilla, 2g of red pepper, 2g of mashedginger, a little amount of pepper.
(3) Cooking instruction
After boiling the meat with gravy and stalk of taro for some time, boil againafter putting vegetables an d other ingredients into it। Before eating, sprinklepepper on it and put into an earthen bowl. The stalk of taro is to be kept in coldwater one or two days to get rid of its smell and taste.
2. Jeongol (boiled dog meat mixed with spices and vegetables)
Eat while boiling to boil down some of the soup. Add lots of dog meat andingredients. Vegetables such as dropwort, perilla leaves, green onion and otheringredients such as garlic, pepper, and red pepper are put in. It can be servedfor a side dish with Soju (liquor) or for eating boiled rice. After eating, boiled rice can be mixed with the remaining soup.
The standard amount of ingredients for one portion.
(1) Ingredients
200g of boiled dog meat, 150g of gravy, 50g of green onion, 50g of leek, 40gof dropwort, 20g of perilla
(2) Sauce
3g of salt, 5g of perilla, 10g of mashed garlic, 2g of red pepper, a little amount of pepper.
(3) Cooking Instructions
Eat while boiling the soup, dog meat, gravy, vegetables and other ingredientsin a pan। If it is excessively boiled, the color of vegetables can be changed, deteriorating the taste of the soup. So once it is boiled, cooking over a weak fire,begin eating.
Suyuk is eaten with specific ingredients or salt. Add heat to the meat by boilingwater or steam for prevention from cooling down. Ingredients are to be made ofthe mixture of soy bean paste with perilla, and one can eat the dog meat with theaddition of salt or these ingredients and wrapping it with perilla and lettuce.Eating it with mildly-boiled leek is common. When eating Suyuk, Soju(liquor) isusually accompanied by for its taste.
The standard amount of ingredients for one portion.
(1) Ingredients
200g of boiled dog meat, 50g of gravy, 1g of salt, 1g of garlic, a little amountof pepper, leek, perilla leaves
(2) Sauce
It can be enjoyed at one's taste with the addition of mixture of soy beanpaste, sesame oil, perilla oil, or with salt on it.
(3) Cooking instructions
Put dog meat and gravy and ingredients into pan, and steam it with a weakfire, eat with sauce. One can eat with boiled-leek. Perilla powder, perilla oil,mustard, vinegar are to be added to the sauce.

Chinese prostitutes shun condoms

BEIJING - MORE than half of Beijing's prostitutes do not use condoms despite sexual transmission having replaced drug use as the most common infection route for HIV, state media said on Tuesday.
Just 47 per cent of the 90,000 sex workers in China's capital used condoms, the official Xinhua news agency quoted Mr Fang Laiying, director of the municipal public health bureau, as saying.
Sexual transmission has also replaced intravenous drug use as the most common transmission route for the HIV virus for the first time in Beijing, accounting for 55 per cent of infections, the report said.But the infection rate among the city's prostitutes was unknown as Beijing does not provide a testing programme.
Free condoms are already provided in 22,000 venues in China's capital, including hotels and holiday resorts, and nearly 3,000 vending machines have been installed in entertainment sites, Xinhua said.
Condom machines are also to be installed at construction sites which employ more than 500 workers by the end of the year, the director was quoted as saying.
Beijing had reported 5,635 instances of people living with Aids or HIV by Nov 1 since the first case was reported in 1985, of which 75 per cent were from other regions in China, Xinhua said.
At the end of 2007, China had around 700,000 people living with HIV, including an estimated 85,000 who had developed Aids, according to Xinhua.
Campaigners have previously warned that the true figure could be up to 10 times higher.
Thousands were infected during the 1990s through tainted transfusions at illegal blood collection stations, but the focus of attention is now shifting to high risk groups such as gay men and sex.

Japan:No compensation for Chinese 'comfort women'

A Japanese court on Friday rejected appeals by two Chinese women forced to serve as sex slaves for Japan's army during World War II, when both were teenagers.
An exhibition of chinese comfort women who were forced to serve Japanese army during World War. [Newsphoto]The two women, Guo Xicui and Hou Qiaolian from China's Shanxi province, filed the original suit in 1996, seeking 20 million yen (US$190,000) in compensation for their suffering, saying they were repeatedly raped by Japanese soldiers posted in China during the war.
Guo was 15 years old at the time, and Hou was 13.
Hou died four years ago, and a relative has taken over her legal action.
On Friday, the Tokyo High Court upheld an earlier district court ruling rejecting their demands, said court spokesman Koji Suwabe. He refused to give further details.
High court Judge Hiromu Emi supported the 2002 district court ruling that the Japanese government does not have to pay them damages because China had waived a right to seek compensation from Japan under a 1952 peace treaty, Kyodo news agency reported.
A 20-year statute of limitations on such cases has also expired, Kyodo said.
The case could still be appealed in Japan's Supreme Court, the island country's highest, but it was not clear on Friday whether the plaintiffs planned to try.
In 2002, the Tokyo District Court had ruled that Japan's current government is not responsible for what wartime rulers had done under the prewar constitution.
The two women claim the Japanese army abducted them in 1942 during Japan's occupation of China and other parts of Asia, confined and raped them every day for about a month.
The district court judge had acknowledged that the brutality has left the women with post-traumatic stress disorder, Kyodo reported.
But on Friday, the high court judge said what the sexual assault against them was not systematically conducted or authorized by the Japanese government.
Historians say the Japanese forced up to 200,000 women, mostly Koreans but also Filipinos, Chinese and Dutch, into sexual slavery during World War II.
Dozens of court cases seeking compensation from Asia's World War II-era sex slaves and forced laborers are still pending in Japan.

Gays Living in Secrecy

BEIJING (UPI) -- Like most Chinese homosexuals, Han Yue strives to keep his secret from all but a close circle of gay friends. Like others, his biggest fear is that someone, someday, might find out he is gay.
``I've lived with this deep fear of discovery for years, and it knocks all the self-confidence out of you,'' he says, looking much older than his 32 years. ``Now I just feel inferior.''
Han Yue, a pseudonym, has been arrested twice. Once the police beat him and then informed his boss, costing him a promising job as a clerk at the Ministry of Culture.
His first homosexual encounter at 16 was snatched in the dark during a violent earthquake in 1976 that knocked out Beijing's electricity supply.
Subsequent encounters took place in parks, toilets and once at the so-called ``Democracy Wall'' in Beijing which, he says, was a favored meeting point for homosexuals during the brief democracy movement in 1979.
Han Yue is unsure of how many sexual partners he has had, but he knows the figure is high. He knows he has never used a condom and he knows, but does not care, about AIDS.
``Most of us think, 'The sooner I get it, the sooner I'll be dead,''' he said. ``We wouldn't think like that if we hadn't been hurt so badly.''
Now he shares a cramped Beijing flat with his mother. But he leaves every Lunar New Year -- China's equivalent of Christmas when families come together -- because his elder brother a few years back stumbled across a private diary recording his homosexual encounters.
``If I'm there at New Year my brother will eat, then he'll drink, then he could start talking about me and I would be finished,'' he says.
In secret, he attends ``Men's World,'' China's first support group for gay men set up in late 1992. But he is skeptical of recent official attempts to publicize the existence of homosexuality in China.
``The newspapers talk about how hard it is abroad, about how gays in America and Europe are mistreated, but they never talk about how hard it is for Chinese homosexuals,'' he said. ``We don't live like human beings. We live the life of ghosts.''
``The Forest of Ghosts'' also is the title for a book Han Yue has written recalling his experiences and those of gay friends. Stories of arrest and beatings at the hands of the police that, he says, happen every day.
The book includes a particularly disturbing passage describing the arrest and rape of one of his gay companions by members of the People's Militia, the volunteer civilian force that often patrols homosexual haunts.
``It broke him,'' Han Yue recalls. ``He wanted to commit suicide.'' ``The Forest of Ghosts'' has attracted the interest of a state-run publishing firm in south China's freewheeling Hainan Province, but so far the company's managers say the book is too sensitive to put on the market.
To Han Yue, their decision comes as little surprise. ``This is still China,'' he said. ``I really love my country like I love my mother, but she's not perfect and in some respects I hate her with all my heart.''

Employment agencies in NYC

Employment agencies in china town serves as a Chinese prostitutes services provider as an 2nd business , beside hiring illegal Mexicans ;they help Chinese girls make some cash , of course its an under the table activity.

If u walk in an employment agency in China town ask for "Tina" thats the code name to ask for a Chinese prostitute ,then tell her :"no money?" Thats how u explain u looking for a whore.Or u can ask for cindy, and tell her u have a job and u need an live in "caregiver" girl u can make choice between nepalese, chinese or tibetan girls ...u have to pay upfront. If u are a winner and if u are in the employment agency located in the basement , there are a massagy just next to the agency all u have to do is to step outside , and u will hear the girl , saying ...massagy massagy...and she may step outside , to expose her ass so u can see her , ask her if shes mi mi ...thats the code name .... have fun! Then they will tell u the details.

The Asian Fetish

Jimmy Zhao ’08 says his parents used to joke that if he ever brought a white girl home, at least they could be glad she wasn't African American.

If Zhao, who is Chinese American, did bring an African-American girlfriend back to his New Jersey home, it wouldn’t only surprise his parents. It would be a statistical anomaly.According to U.S. Census Bureau data analyzed by a sociologist at University of Massachusetts-Amherst, C.N. Le, just 0.1 percent of Chinese-American men have African-American wives, compared to 5.1 percent who are married to white women.
Zhao’s parents’ joke might be jarring to many, but it underscores the obstacles facing Asian-Americans who date across racial lines.At Harvard, students say, interracial relationships involving Asian students seem relatively common, and they may not draw as much attention as other interracial pairings.But even this prevalent form of interracial dating is bound by its own set of rules and expectations, which students say complicate every intersection of romance and race.

Relationships between Asian women and white men seem particularly commonplace, students say. According to Le’s data, a Chinese, Japanese, or Vietnamese woman is more than twice as likely as her male ethnic counterpart to have a white spouse.
Hovering over these relationships is the specter of the “Asian fetish,” Jean Yang ’08 says.
By that, Yang refers to a supposed white-male fantasy based on the stereotype that Asian women are exotic, or delicate, or more passive than females of other races.
Yang, who is Chinese American, says she would not want to date someone who was only attracted to her because of her ethnicity. Although the “Asian fetish,” is a familiar concept to her, she says it is not a concern in her present interracial relationship.
Christopher L. Hartl ’09 is dating a Chinese woman, and he says he doesn’t take the concept of the “Asian fetish” seriously.But other non-Asian Harvard men have told Hartl that, on average, they are more attracted to Asian women than to women of other races.
Even so, he says, “if somebody says that he’s only attracted to Asian women, it’s not so much a fetish as a preference.” 

"Kung Fu Fighter"

Interracial dating is more problematic for Asian men, says Edward Y. Lee ’08, who is Korean American.
Asian men do not typically date outside of their race because they are stereotypically viewed as “very un-masculine,” Lee says.
He points out that few Asian men play for American professional sports teams. And in movies, he says, Asian men still only play two roles: the kung fu fighter and the angry store owner. Asian women, in contrast, are portrayed as having increasingly varied and prominent roles, Lee says.
“It’s my goal to make the Asian man sexy again,” he jokes.
Data on interracial marriage suggests that few Korean-American men cross ethnic lines—at least at the altar.
While 24.3 percent of Korean-American women have white husbands, just 3.9 percent of Korean-American men have white wives, according to Le of UMass-Amherst. Fewer than 0.1 percent have African-American wives, according to Le.

Just as media portrayals in the U.S. may distort Asian-American masculinity, images of African-Americans abroad may make it less socially acceptable for Asian Americans to date African Americans.

In China, Jimmy Zhao says, “the only black people you’re going to see on TV are in rap videos or other negative images.” The result, he says, is that the immigrant parents of some Chinese Americans “make assumptions about [African Americans] as a people in general.”

Other Asian-American students agreed that older generations might be reticent about their children dating African Americans due in part to stereotypes about socioeconomic status.

“I think Asian-American parents more look at economic status, and they see black and Latino Americans as having a lower economic status than whites,” Quinnie Lin ’09 says. “Because a lot of these Asian parents come to this country with the goal of building a better life and getting ahead...they always strive for the best for their kids.”
The expectation can be that “ideally you would marry up, and by marry up, we mean marry white,” says Sherri Y. Geng ’09, who is Chinese American.

Beyond Color

Gayatri S. Datar ‘07, an Indian-American, also says that South Asian students usually face less family resistance if they date East Asians or Caucasians than if they date African Americans.
But, Datar stresses, religious tensions might weigh more heavily than racial stereotypes in their romantic choices.
“I’m sure that several Indian parents would much prefer their daughter to bring home a black guy than an Indian Muslim,” says Datar, who is Hindu.
Nationality can be a crucial issue when two nations have a history of conflict.